Image taken from http://www.rush.edu/
In GastroEsophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), stomach acid and enzymes flow backward from the stomach into the esophagus, causing inflammation and pain in the esophagus.
The stomach lining protects the stomach from effects of its own acid. Because the esophagus lacks a similar protective lining, stomach acid and enzymes that flow backward (reflux) into the esophagus routinely cause symptoms and in some cases damage.
Acid and enzymes reflux when the lower esophageal sphincter, the ring-shaped muscle that normally prevents the contents of the stomach from flowing back into the esophagus is not functioning properly.
When a person is standing or sitting, gravity helps to prevent the reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus. This explains why reflux can worsen when a person is lying down.
Smoking and certain foods, such as chocolate, interfere with the sphincter muscle, making reflux more likely. Reflux is also more likely to occur after soon after meals, when the volume and acidity of contents in the stomach are higher.
Alcohol and coffee also stimulate acid production.
Delayed emptying of the stomach (for example due to diabetes or use of opioids) can also worsen reflux.
Symptoms and Complication
Heartburn (a burning pain behind the sternum) is the most obvious symptoms of GERD. Sometimes the pain even extends to the neck, throat, and face. Heartburn may be accompanied by regurgitation, in which the stomach contents reach the mouth.
Inflammation of the esophagus (esophagitis) may cause bleeding that is usually slight but can be massive. The blood may be vomited up or may pass through the digestive tract, resulting in the passage of dark, tarry stools (melena) or bright red blood, if the bleeding is brisk enough.
Esophageal ulcers, which are open sores on the lining of the esophagus, can result from repeated reflux. They can cause pain that is usually located behind the sternum or just below it, similar to the location of heartburn.
Narrowing (stricture) of the esophagus from reflux makes swallowing solid foods increasingly more difficult. narrowing of the airways can cause shortness of breath and wheezing.
Other symptoms of GERD include chest pain, sore throat, hoarseness of voice, excessive salivation, a sensation of a lump in the throat (globus sensation), and inflammation of the sinuses (sinusitis)
With prolonged irritation of the lower part of the esophagus from repeated reflux, the cells lining the esophagus may change (resulting in a condition called
Barett's esophagus). Changes may occur even in the absence of symptoms. These abnormal cells are precancerous and progress to cancer rarely.
Diagnosis
The symptoms point to the diagnosis, and treatment can be started without detailed diagnostic testing. Specific testing is usually reserved for situations in which the diagnosis is not clear or treatment has failed to control symptoms.
Examination of the esophagus using and endoscope of the lower esophageal sphincter, and esophageal pH tests are sometimes needed to help confirm the diagnosis and check for complications.
Endoscopy may confirm the diagnosis if the doctor finds that the person has esophagitis or Barrett's esophagus. Endoscopy also helps to exclude the presence of esophageal cancer.
X-rays taken after a person drinks a barium solution and then lies on an incline with the head lower than the feet may show reflux of the barium from the stomach into the esophagus. A doctor may press on the abdomen to increase the like hood of reflux. The x-rays taken after the barium is swallowed also can reveal esophageal ulcers or a narrowed esophagus.
Pressure measurements at the lower esophageal sphincter indicate the strength of the sphincter and can distinguish a normal sphincter from a poorly functioning one. The information gained from this test helps the doctor decide whether surgery is an appropriate treatment.
Some doctors believe that the best test for GERD is esophageal pH testing. In this test, a thin, flexible tube with a sensor probe on the tip is paced through the nose an into the lower esophagus. The other end of this tube is attached to a monitor that the person wears on his belt. The monitor records the acid levels in the esophagus, usually for 24 hours. Besides determining how much reflux is occurring, this test identifies much the relationship between symptoms and reflux and is particularly helpful for people with symptoms that are not typical for reflux.
The esophageal pH test is needed for all people being considered for surgery for GERD.
Prevention and Treatment
Several measures may be taken to relieve GERD.
Raising the head of the bed about 6 inches can prevent acid from flowing into the esophagus as a person sleeps.
Specific foods (for example, fats an chocolate) should be avoided, as should smoking and certain drugs (for example, anticholinergic, certain antidepressants, calcium channel blockers, and nitrates), all of which increase the tendency of the lower esophageal sphincter to leak.
A doctor may prescribe a cholinergic drug (for example, bethanechol or metoclopramide) to make the lower sphincter close more tightly.
Coffee, alcohol, and other substances that strongly stimulate the stomach to produce acid or that delay stomach emptying should be avoided as well.
Many of the drugs used to treat gastritis and peptic ulcers also help prevent and treat GERD.
Antacids taken at bedtime, for example, are helpful. Antacids can usually relieve the pain of esophageal ulcers by reducing the amount of acid that reaches the esophagus.
However, proton pump inhibitors, the most powerful drugs for reducing acid production, are usually the most effective treatment for GERD, because even small amount of acid can cause significant symptoms. Healing requires drugs that reduce stomach acid over a 4 to 12 week period. The ulcers heal slowly, tend to recur, and, when chronic and severe, can leaved a narrowed esophagus after healing.
Esophageal narrowing is treated with drug therapy and repeated dilation, which may be performed using balloons or progressively larger dilators. If dilation is successful narrowing does not seriously limit what a person can eat.
Barrett's esophagus may or may not disappear when treatment relieves symptoms. Therefore, people with Barrett's esophagus are asked to undergo an endoscopic examination every 2 to 3 years to ensure that it is not progressing to cancer.
Surgery is an option for people whose symptoms are unresponsive to drug therapy or for people with esophagitis that persists even after symptoms are relieved. In addition, surgery may be the preferred treatment for people who do not like the prospect of having to take drugs for many years. A minimally invasive procedure performed through a laparoscope is available. However, 20 to 30% of people who undergo this procedure experience side effects, most commonly difficulty swallowing and a sensation of bloating or abdominal discomfort after eating.
