Exam Time Table for Patho Haemo & Musculo

Following is an addition for below exam schedule. TQ

DAY	DATE	TIME	SUBJECT
Tue	6hb	12.30-2.30	Patho Haemo
Thur	8hb	4.00-6.00	Patho Musculo

Good luck all BMSian!

EXAM MOOD!

Update Exam Timetable

The mid semester exam for our group registered subject are as follows:

DAY	DATE	TIME	SUBJECT
Mon	Jan-05	12.30 - 2.30 pm 4.00 - 6.00 pm	Genetic Disorder Pathophysiology of Respiratory System
Tue	Jan-06	12.30 - 2.30 pm	Pathophysiology of Haemopoietic & Lymphatic System
Thu	Jan-08	12.30 -2.30 pm	Pathophysiology of Nervous System
Fri	Jan-09	9.00 - 11.00 am	Pathophysiology of Genitourinary System
Sat	Jan-10	4.00 - 6.00 pm	Communicable Disease

Good Luck!

Webmaster,
MSU Medical Science Club

HANI groupies ALERT! : EXAM FEVER :P

The mid semester exam for our group registered subject are as follows:

DAY	DATE	TIME	SUBJECT
Tue	Jan-06	12.30 - 2.30 pm	SMS 2044 Pathophysiology of Gastrointestinal System
Wed	Jan-07	12.30 - 2.30 pm	SMS 3023 Pathophysiology of Endocrine System
Fri	Jan-09	9.00 -11.00 am	SMS 2034 Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular System
Sat	Jan-10	12.30 - 2.30 pm	SMS 2014 Human Environment Interface
Sat	Jan-10	4.00 - 6.00 pm	SMS 1043 Musculoskeletal System

Barakallahu fikum..Maat Taufiq wan Najah..Chiayo chiayo!! :)

-hny

ANNOUNCEMENT

Assalamualaikum & hi...

Based on MSC AJK meeting last Friday, we hereby want to announce the new President of MSCMSU club has been elected from our community. 

The new MSCMSU President will be Mr Mohd Rizuan Bin Ali (our former MSC webmaster) from Group B semester 6 BMS. He is replacing Miss Halimatun Bt Ishak, respectively.

Thus, position as a MSC Webmaster will be carried by Mr Faizul Hasnizam B. Hosni from Group C semester 6.

Please refer our new organisation on the 'organization chart' tab.

Thank you.

AJKs of MSCMSU

MSC@SPORTS :MSC Bowling Tournament 08

Hye BMSian!

Have talent in bowling? Contribute and bring honor to our MSC club by becoming  MSC participant in MBSA bowling tournament 2008!.

Prizes and certificates are waiting. Or just come for the fun! No fee is needed!

Date : 20th of December 2008 (Saturday)
Time : 10.00 a.m  onwards
Venue : Will be informed later
Transportation : Provided by MSU

We need 4 men and 5 women as the participants.  Quick!

Please leave your name  in the comment section of this entry. You may also sms me your name, ic and phone number at 017-2421412.

Regards,

REGISTERED STUDENT

Male
1. Mohd Rizuan Bin Ali
2. Mohd Hafzan Shamsuddin
3. Mohd Hafifi Hafidz Abdul Razak
* 1 Remaining

Female
1. Hani Nadiah M. Hariri
2. Nurliyana Fatin M. Darimin
3. Farrah Hanna Nasir
4. Asmiezan Bt Embi
5. Mohana Priya

Classes Under Assoc Prof Dr Redhwan

Following are presentation slides for patho Musculoskeletal system and Genetic Disorder under Assoc Prof Dr Redhwan.

Pathophysiology of  Musculoskeletal System

1. Body wall structures and its attachment
2. Muscles, blood and nerve supply of diaphragm and pelvis

Genetic Disorder

1. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)  
2. Waiting for slides

TQ very much.

Regards,

Hani Groupies Alert! (PCVS, P.Endo, HEI)

Human Environment Interface

Respectively, our class has been reschedule to:

A) For this week only

• Wednesday, Dec 17, 2008
• Time: 1pm - 3 pm (lecture) and 5pm to 7 pm (lab session) effectively this week
  
• Venue: Anx 11 (A)for lecture, Microb Lab for practical session

• Friday
• Time : 1pm-2 pm (lecture)
• Venue: C219 or C218

B) On the following week throughout the whole semester, the class will be as follows:

• Wednesdays
• Time: 1pm - 3 pm (lab) and 5pm to 7 pm (lecture) effectively starting on Dec 24, 2008
  
• Venue: Microb Lab for practical session, C219 or C218 for lecture
  

• Fridays
• Time : 1pm-2 pm (lecture)
• Venue: C219 or C218
  

Pathophysiology of CVS

A (REPLACEMENT*) class will be held as following:

• Date: Dec 16, 2008 Tuesday
  
• Time: 4pm to 6pm
  
• Venue: Anx 11 (A)
• Attendance: STRICTLY Compulsory to all of us. Those who can hardly make it on that very day, nothing can be undone and we're terribly sorry for that.. T_T
• Please submit the assignment on Fetal Circulation tomorrow.
  

* Due to the Dean List award on 8th of December 08, any class from 8am to 12 noon has been canceled.

Pathophysiology of Endocrine System

According to Dr. Karim respectively,tomorow's (Tuesday; Dec 16 2008) lecture has been cancel due to the Dean List Award. Please inform your group member.

Please be informed, thank you. :)

xox,
-hny

Friedreich’s Ataxia

Friedreich’s ataxia is an inherited genetic disorder of chromosome 9. It is a slowly progressive disorder of the nervous system and muscles, and results in the inability to control voluntary muscles (ataxia). It is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that a child must inherit a copy of the defective gene from each parent in order to develop the disorder. Friedreich’s ataxia affects both males and females. About 1 in 90 people of European ancestry carries the gene for the disorder.

Symptoms

The symptoms of Friedreich’s ataxia usually begin between the ages of 5 and 15 years old, but it may start as early as infancy or as late as 30 years old. Typical symptoms include:
 

• muscle weakness in the legs, unsteadiness when standing, and difficulty walking
• loss of coordination (ataxia) in the arms and legs
• loss of sensations of touch and pressure in the arms and legs
• changes in vision, involuntary movements of the eye (nystagmus)
• difficulty speaking
• curvature of the spine (scoliosis) 

 
In addition, the individual with Freidreich ataxia is at risk of developing:

• weakening of heart muscle and enlargement of the heart (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), chest pains, shortness of breath, abnormal heart rhythm
• diabetes 

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Friedreich’s ataxia is based on the symptoms the individual is experiencing. Usually the earliest sign is weakness in the legs and unsteady standing or walking. A test of the electrical activity of muscles (electromyogram) may be done. A genetic test for the defect on chromosome 9 may also be done.

Treatment

There is at present no way to cure or reverse Friedreich’s ataxia. Treatment therefore focuses on the symptoms the person is having. Assistive devices for walking and standing may be used. Generally, about 15 to 20 years after diagnosis a wheelchair will be needed. Orthopedic surgery to correct scoliosis may be performed. Physical and occupational therapy can help maintain muscle strength and range of motion of the joints. Speech therapy can help with speaking and swallowing problems. Diabetes is treated with daily insulin.

Sources:
- "NINDS Friedreich's Ataxia Information Page." Disorders. 13 Feb 2007. National Organization for Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 28 Feb 2007 .
- "What is Friedreich's Ataxia?." FARA. Friedreich's Ataxia Research Alliance. 28 Feb 2007 .
- "Fact Sheet: Friedreich's Ataxia." MDA USA Specific Information. 11 Apr 2003. MDA USA. 28 Feb 2007 .

Credit : About.com

Regards,

Pathophysiology of Haemopoietic System

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HAEMOPOIETIC & LYMPHOID SYSTEM

Presentation of Haematology Diagnostic Test

Following presentation slides will be updated by time of presentation is done. Please check for updates.

1. Full Blood Count (FBC)
2. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
3. Hematocrit (HCT)
4. Blood Rhesus
5. Blood ABO
   

Next presentation will be on next Wednesday. Remaining groups please be prepared.

Regards,

MSCMSU Webmaster,
ibnu_ali_87@yahoo.com

HANI groupies ALERTS!!

Human Environment Interface

A class will be held as following:

• Date: 4th of December 2008, Thursday
• Time: 2-4 pm
• Venue: Anx 11 (A)
• Attendance: STRICTLY Compulsory to all 12 of us.Please inform your deary "besties" .

Pathophysiology of CVS

A (REPLACEMENT*) class will be held as following:

• Date: 5th of December 2008, Thursday
• Time: 12 noon - 1 pm 
• Venue: Anx 11 (A) 
•  Attendance: STRICTLY Compulsory to all of us. Those who can hardly make it on that very day, nothing can be undone and we're terribly sorry for that.. T_T

* Due to the public holiday on 8th of December 08, absenteeism among most of us on the Tuesday 9th of December is therefore can’t be avoided..*giggles* ;)

Pathophysiology of GIT

According to Dr. Himyar respectively, we might have separate lab session after we sort a few things out..Please ensure both Kalan and I knew which group you’ll be joining ASAP as we need to come up with a name list to Dr Himyar.

FYI:
Kalan groupies will have their lab session on:

• Mondays
• 2 - 4 pm
• at Medical Science Skill Lab

As for my groupies**:

• Thursdays
• 3 - 5 pm
• at Parasitology Lab**

**Subject to change without prior notice :P

Pathophysiology of Endocrine System

It has been confirm that the lab sessions are to be held separately. We will have ours as follows:

• Fridays
• 10 am - 12 noon
• at Anatomy Lab

Any absenteeism is at your own risk.
We'll try to fix/negotiate any problems regarding 'THE' assignments on this Friday session, ok? ;)

Please inform Rizuan Ali or Mohana Priya if you necessarily have to join their groups on:

• Thursdays
• 11am - 1 pm
• at Med Science Skill Lab ***

***also subject to sudden changes, please keep both Rizuan Ali and Mohana Priya in contact respectively..


Musculoskeletal system

It's been delightful to get acquainted with all of you..

Class will be held as follows, through the entire semester Nov 2008.

Lectures:

• Wednesdays
• 11am - 1 pm
• at Anx 11(A)

Lab. sessions:

• Thursdays
• 11am - 1 pm
• at Anx 11(A)****

**** Subject to change, either Anx 11 (A) or Dissection Hall.. However, this week's session will be conduct in Anx 11.. Please be informed :)

***** The assignment datelines has been postponed to 24^th of December 2008. *YEAY..!!*

Last but never the least..

• Unnecessary ABSNTEEISM is not courage, please be honest with your attending(s)
• Please do not hesitate to voice out/ clarify anything with me regarding any problems; I’ll try to help out whenever wherever I can with all abilities I can afford to have. I’m reachable on my mobile, YM and email.
• I need all my groupies name, email address and mobile numbers. Anonymous caller/’texter’ won’t be entertain pretty soon, perhaps! :P hehehe
• To avoid any absenteeism due to ANY misinformation on classes, ‘being untold about sudden changes’ et cetera et cetera among my groupies, I prefer to be called/texted and asked on rather than WAIT for my notifications. I’m afraid I’ll have insufficient credit by the time I’m updating everyone.There's so many people yet so little time..(and credits i tell u..)
• On certain (unfavorable) occasion, please cut me some slacks, for I’m too a HUMAN (a definitely honest and blunt one) and too have an absolute LIFE! ;-)

Looking forward to serve you better XOX,

Regards,
Hani Nadiah,
BMS Group E

Announcement for Foundation in Leadership & Career in Health Science

ANNOUNCEMNET

1. Assignment for UCS1172 Foundation in Leadership. Buy (from MPH) & read the book  "personality plus" by Florence Litteauer and write an essay on " Describe  your personality in relation to the 4 major type of personalities as described by the author". Dateline  is 31st December 2008.

2. For UCS1192, Career in Health Science, "give a description of the various types  & occupation in realtion to medical field". Also to be handled up on same date.

Failure to do so will get zero marks for that portion of continuous assessment Lecture will commence Jan 09.

Thank you,

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yasmin

Pathophysiology of Endocrine System (Gr. 2)

SMS 3023
Pathophysiology of Endocrine System
(Gr. 2)

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT & PRESENTATION

PLEASE BE INFORMED THAT BOTH TASKS ARE TO BE DONE INDIVIDUALLY

Assignments should be completed by the first week of December 2008 and to be submitted in approximately 10 pages.

Presentation is expected to be held on the second week of December 2008. Only 10 minutes allowed for topic elaboration for each Presenter.



1 : Hormones : Diana

2: Endocrine & Exocrine glands : Asmiezan

3 : Hormone Secretion Control : Anusha

4 : Nervous system VS Endocrine System : Hani

5 : Steroid, Peptide & Amine Hormones : Safiya

6 : Hormones and Biochemical Alterations : Inthumathi

7 : Effect On Regulation of Blood Glucose : Premila

8: Effect on Growth : Syima

9 : Effect on Maintenance of Carbohydrate , Fat and Protein Homeostasis: Mogana

10 : Starvation : Nabila

11 : Exercise : Norain

12 : Stress : Ambujam



Gambateh(!!) ,
hny ;)

Presentation on Pathophysio of Endocrine System

Pathophysiology of Endocrine System

GROUP ASSIGNMENT & PRESENTATION

Please be prepared for presentation starting on 1st week of Disember 2008.

Presentation should not be longer than 10 minutes. Maximum is 15 minutes per group.

Assignment must be submitted by group. Maximum of pages is 10.

Students who are no listed below, you may join any group. Make sure they know you are joining them.


GROUP 1 : Steroid, peptide & amine hormones

1. Mohana Priya
2. Kalavani Sambamuthi
3. Asweni Baskaran

GROUP 2 : Stress

1. Nur Natasya Azmi
2. Fadlon Hanapiah
3. Mohd Rizuan Ali

GROUP 3 : Starvation

1. Nadiah Shaika 
2. Siti Shahira

GROUP 4 : Effect on Growth

1. Nurliyana Fatin
2. Mohd Hafzan

GROUP 5 : Hormone Secretion Control

1. Nimallah Chandran
2. Norafzareen
3. Lim Zi Fan
   

GROUP 6 : Nervous System VS Endocrine System

1. Nurazlin Sofia 
2. Ratih Sanggarwati
3. Nur Amelia Husna

GROUP 7 :  Effect on maintenance of carbohydrate, fat and protein homeostasis

1. Halimatun Ishak
2. Farah Alwani
3. Abd. Halim Ishak

GROUP 8 : Hormones

1. Vithya Subramaniam
2. Saestre Selvakumar
3. Thayaline Vadiveloo
4. Kurubaran
   

GROUP 9 : Exercise

1. Farrah Hanna Nasir
2. Putri Noor Zulaikha
3. Nur Naqsha Hamdan

GROUP 10 : Effect on regulation of blood glucose

1. Irma Ngadiman
2. Khairunisa Juhari
3. Syaliza Shaharuddin

GROUP 11 : Endocrine and exocrine glands

1. Joan Clara Dinshaw
2. Asha Mukunan
3. Mogana Subramani

GROUP 12 : Hormone and biochemical alterations

1. Badrun Hisyam
2. Liyana Nadiah
   

*Sorry if I misspelled your name :0)

Regards,
Mohd Rizuan Ali,
ibnu_ali_87@yahoo.com

Group Presentation for Patho Haemato

Pathophysiology of Haemopoietic & Lymphoid System

GROUP PRESENTATION

Please be prepared for presentation starting on 1st week of Disember 2008.

Following guidelines must be used:

• Definition
• Function and principle of the test
• Normal and abnormal range
• How it is done
• Diseases that can be diagnosed from the test

2 or 3 presenters are enough.

Students who are no listed in the list below, you may join any group. Make sure they know you are joining them.

There will be no Patho Haemato lab session on this week. Use the time to prepare your group.


GROUP 1 : Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

1. Mohd Hafis Zul Arif
2. Faridah Hanum Bt Ariffin
3. Zuliana Mohd Ton
4. Siti Nuramanina
5. Tan Ling Ling
6. Agustinus
7. Alawiyah
8. Mohd Nizamuddin
9. Yna

Group 2 : ABO Grouping and Rh Blood Grouping

1. K. Therasena
2. D. Thulasi
3. S. Vikneswaran
4. S. Sasikalaa Devi
5. K Puspawathy
6. Alif
7. Helmi
8. Saiful Arif
9. Iedil
10. Faizul

GROUP 3 : Full Blood Count (FBC) and Blood Film

1. Eni Elina
2. Amalina
3. Siti Nadia
4. Nur Syarina
5. Mainah
6. Siti Eliyani
7. Farihah
8. Azeti Aida
9. Zuraifah

GROUP 4 : PVC and Haemoglobin Estimation Methods

1. Mohd Rizuan Bin Ali
2. Hafifi Hafiz
3. Fareedzul Hareez
4. Mohd Hafzan
5. Mohd Razif
6. Nur Liyana Fatin
7. Badrun Hisham
8. Liyana Nadiah
9. Nur Natasya Azmi
10. Fadlon Hanapiah

GROUP 5 : Activated Partial Prothrombin Time (APPT)

1. Nurazlin Sofia
2. Nur Amelia Husna
3. Ratih Sanggar
4. Vithya Subramaniam
5. Saestre
6. Thayalinie
7. Nur Izati Kamaruddin
8. Lim Zi Fan
   

GROUP 6 : Iron Studies

1. Izzatul Amirah
2. Farah Hanna
3. Nur Naqsha Hamdan
4. Putri Noor Zulaikha
   
5. Nurhidayu
6. Nurhafizah
7. Hanani
8. Syaliza
9. Khairunisa
   
10. Apheeza Dewi
11. Irma Ngadiman

GROUP 7 : Prothrombin Time (PT)

1. Nimallah Chandran
2. Norafzareen Zainol
3. Azweni Baskaran
4. Kalavani
5. Mohana Priya
6. Mogana
7. Joan Clara Dinshaw
8. Asha Mukunan

GROUP 8 : Haemoglobin Electrophoresis

1. Halim Ishak
   
2. Halimatun Ishak
   
3. Farah Alwani
4. Syafinaz Rosli
5. Nisha
6. Nadiah Shaika
7. Dass
8. Ram
9. Kurubaran
10. Tamil Maran
11. Shira
    

*p/s : Sorry if I misspelled your name :0)


Regards,

Mohd Rizuan Ali,
ibnu_ali_87@yahoo.com

Announcement

ANNOUNCEMENT 

1. FHLS Surgery Lecture Series (on Sunday and Monday) have to be postponed . Our visiting professor having some flight problems. Sorry for the inconvenience. You will be noticed for updates.

2. All classes teach by IMS LECTURER will be postponed until new lecturer arrive. If there are any lecturers available, you will be noticed by your class representative.

Please spread this announcement to whom it may concern.

Thank you very much.

MSC webmaster:

ibnu_ali_87@yahoo.com
017-2421412

FHLS Trip to Oversea

Starting semester November 08, Dato' President wants students to organize trips to oversea.


In the past, students have gone to Surabaya (Jan08) and Bangalore (July 08). Thus, we have to organize one trip per semester for FHLS.

There are two options : 1) Bangalore, 2) Surabaya.

Any of you are interested to go to any of the location (most likely Bangalore), please leave your name, ID and batch number in the comment section of this entry.

Thank you very much.

Suggestion of Subjects for Group A & B

SUGGESTED SUBJECTS FOR GROUP A & B

Sem 6 (Nov 08), Sem 6 short sem (Mar 09) & Sem 7 (May 09)

Following subjects are suggested to be taken on this and upcoming semester. This is important to make sure our batch is synchronized on every semester.

_________________________________________________________________________

*In order to equipt us with neccessary pathological knowledge for clinical posting on next short semester, 4 systemic pathology are suggested for this semester.

*We have to drop Pathophysiology of Endocrine system because some of us need to take pathophysiology of gastrointestinal system or any subjects that are being dropped on past semester.

*Please also drop Communicable Diseases which will be taken on long semester May 2009.

*Pathophysiology of Endocrine System (by Prof Karim) will be taken on long semester May 2009.

_________________________________________________________________________

*Maximum credit hour for short semester is 9.

*Clinical Clerkship will take place in Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah, Klang which will include rotation in medical ward, emergency department and clinic.

_________________________________________________________________________

*Minimum credit hour for long semester is 12.

*Any students who are willing to repeat any subject or to add new subject, you can do it on this semester.

_________________________________________________________________________

* On schedule, we will finish our study on October 2009, convocation on Mac 2010, and fly to International Medical School on April 2010 :0)

*Have better idea? Please share with us on the comment section.

Thank you very much

MSC Illustration

Assalamualaikum & hye...

Medical Science Club is proudly present you the new project under MSC, which will be known as MSC ILLUSTRATION. This project is designed to give you related medical-learning-aid illustration such as desktop wallpapaer, mind maps, and short & simple notes, that may help you in memorising important medical facts.

The illustration will include all subjects under medicine including anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, pathology and others. Also included is all photos from MSC activities.

We are very sure there are many of students who are creative in designing wallpaper and etc. Thus, do not hesitate to contribute any medical related illustration. Sharing is good, right?

MSC ILLUSTRATION can be reached from 'MSC Illustration' tab above or you may go directly by http://msc-illustration.blogspot.com

Photos from MSC launching ceremony on past 8th of September is waiting you.

Thank you from all MSC AJKs.


MEDICAL SCIENCE CLUB,
Management & Science University.

Fatty Liver, Cirrhosis, and Related Disorders

Fatty liver, cirrhosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency are all disorders  that result from  an injury to the liver. Injury can be caused by toxins, including alcohol, some drugs, impurities in foods, and the abnormal buildup of normal substances in the blood. Injury to the liver can also be caused by infection or by a disease in which the body attacks its own tissues. Sometimes it can be idiopathic.

Fatty Liver

Fatty liver is an excessive accumulation of a triglyceride inside the liver cells.

In the US and other western countries, the most common causes of fatty liver are alcoholism, obesity, diabetes, and elevated serum triglyceride levels. Other causes include malnutrition, hereditary disorders of metabolism (such as glycogen storage disease), and drugs (such as corticosteroid, tetracycline, and aspirin).

The mechanism by which these diseases or factors cause fat to accumulate within liver cells is not known. Simply eating a high-fat diet, for example, does not produce a fatty liver. One possible explanation is that these diseases or factors slow the rate at which fat is processed (metabolized) and excreted by the body. The resulting buildup of fat within the body, according to this theory, is then stored inside the liver cells.

Sometimes the cause of fatty liver is not clear, especially when it occurs in newborns; however, it is likely to be a defect in the mitochondria of the liver cells.

In some people, a fatty liver does not due to alcohol abuse or drugs and toxins but associated with obesity, diabetes mellitus, and raised serum triglycerides will progress to scarring (fibrosis) and cirrhosis, possibly because of underlying inflammation. This type of fatty liver is sometimes referred to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Fatty liver usually produces no symptoms. In rare cases, however, it results in jaundice, nausea, vomiting, pain, and abdominal tenderness.

A physical examination that reveals an enlarged liver without any other symptoms suggests fatty liver. Liver function tests are also performed to determine if there is a liver abnormality, such as inflammation, which sometimes accompanies the extra fat in the liver cells and can be associated with the development of cirrhosis in nonalcaholic steatohepatitis.

Excess fat in the liver can be detected on abdominal ultrasound. The diagnosis may be confirmed by a liver biopsy, in which a doctor inserts a long hollow needle through the skin to obtain a small piece of liver tissue for examination inder a microscope.

Fatty Liver from CT scan

Diffuse lower density compared to spleen
Click on image for larger image

Image taken from http://radiology.med.sc.edu/

Prognosis and Treatment

Although excessive fat in the liver may not in itself be a serious problem (the fat can disappear, for example, if the person stops drinking), its underlying cause might be. For example, repeated liver injury from toxic substances such as alcohol may be eventually progress from fatty liver to cirrhosis (severe scarring of the liver). Therefore, treatment of fatty liver aims at minimizing or eliminating the underlying cause of the disorder.

Next week Article : Liver Cirrhosis

Slaid Presentation (GROUP A & B)

Below is the slides of our friends presentation. You may download it by clicking on the title. New slides will be included time by time. Please check frequently.

Pathophysiology of Gastrointestinal System

•  Hemorrhoids
  
  
  
•  Cholecystitis 
•  Fissure in Anus 
•  Cholelithiasis
• Gall Bladder Carcinoma 
• Oral Manifestation of Systemic Disease
• Oral Cancer
• Inflammation of Salivary Gland 
• Infections in Oral Cavity 
• Glossitis 
• Fibrous Proliferative Lessions 
• Apthous Ulcer
• Gingivitis
• Periodontitis
  

Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular System

• Mitral Regurgitation
• Pulmonary Regurgitation
• Pulmonary Valve Stenosis
• Tricuspid Regurgitation
  

 Pathophysiology of Nervous System

• Epilepsy
• Alzheimer
  

Pathophysiology of Respiratory System

• Bronchiectasis
  
• Bronchitis
  
• Bronchopneumonia
  
• Diffuse Pulmonary Hemorrhage
• Hemothorax
  
• Lung Abscess
  
• Pleural Effusion
  
• Pneumoconiosis
  
• Pulmonary Hypertension
  

How To Study Medicine in the 1st & 2nd Year?

 What ever you are learning, please do not become stressed.

Smile always, like our cute little cat! :)

Here are some of tips shared by our 'senior' med student on how he study medicine for the 1st and 2nd year. Hope this will help you.

1. Study SOMETHING each day. Even if it's just a half hour. If you stay on top of things, you'll be amazed at how much free time you have. If you don't, you'll wonder how anyone can possibly do it. Believe me, I've been in both situations.

2. No matter what ANYONE tells you, first year is about memorizing and regurgitating. It's not about understanding or expanding your knowledge like undergrad and grad school are, it's just a great big vocabulary lesson.

3. Your professors are there to make every subject more complicated than they are. They do this very, very, very, very, very, very, very well. They will give you all kinds of extraneous information and minutia, and totally cloud the big picture. Do not, I repeat, do not help them by making it more complicated than it is when you study. Your job is to figure out what really matters and memorize it. Your job is to teach yourself and find the big picture.

4. No matter what classes your school throws at you during the first year, the top priority are the anatomy disciplines. They will take 95% of your time, and they will be the reason for the torticollis you are suffering at the end of the year.

5. You cannot possibly memorize the enormous volume of information that is thrown at you. Figure out what you need to know, and what you don't need to know. Research on memory has shown that memory is a reconstructive process. Figure out how to take in information in small chunks so that you can reconstruct it later. Get with other people and practice quizzing each other. This will teach you to think in this way.

Good Luck!

Dare to comment?

Stroke

 Image taken from http://www.beliefnet.com/


A stroke is a disorder in which the arteries to the brain become blocked or rupture, resulting in death of brain tissue.

 A stroke is a cerebrovascular disorder, so called because it affects the brain (cerebro-) and the blood vessels (vascular).

In western countries, strokes are the 3rd most common cause of death and the 2nd most common cause of disabling neurologic damage after Alzheimer's  disease. In the US, over 600,000 people have a stroke and about 160,000 die of stroke each year. Strokes are much more common among older people that among younger adults, usually because the disorders that lead to strokes  progress overtime. Over 2/3 of all stokes occur in people older than 65 years old. Slightly more than 60% of deaths due to stroke occur in women, possibly because women are on average older when the stroke occurs. Blacks are more likely than whites to have a stroke and to die of it.

There are two types of strokes: ischemic and hemorrhagic. 

About 80%  of strokes are ischemic-due to blocked artery. Brain cells, thus deprived of their blood supply, do not receive enough oxygen and glucose which are carried by blood.

A transient ischemic attack (TIA), sometimes called a mini stroke, is often an warning sign of and impending ischemic stroke. TIAs are caused by an inadequate blood supply to part of the brain  but only for a brief time. Because of the blood supply is restored quickly, brain tissue does not die, as it does in a stroke.

The other 20% if strokes are hemorrhagic-due to bleeding in or around the brain. In this type of stroke, a blood vessel ruptures, interfering with normal blood flow and allowing blood to leak into brain tissue. Blood that comes into direct contact with brain tissue irritates the tissue and can cause scarring, leading to seizures.

The major risk factors for both types of stroke are;

1. atherosclerosis (the narrowing or blockage of arteries by patchy deposits of fatty material in the walls of arteries),
2. high BP,
3. diabetes and
4. smoking.

Atherosclerosis is more important risk factor for ischemic stroke, and high BP is  a more important risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke.

Other risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke include,

1. use of anticoagulants,
2. cocaine,
3. amphetamines,
4. aneurysms in the arteries within the skull,
5. arteriovenous malformation; and
6. vasculitis.

The incidence of strokes has decline in recent decades, mainly because people are more  aware of the importance of controlling high BP and high cholesterol levels. Controlling these factors reduces the risk of atherosclerosis.

Image taken from http://news.bbc.co.uk/

Symptoms

The effects of a stroke or TIA vary depending on the precise location of the blockage or bleeding in the brain. Each area of the brain is supplied by specific arteries. For example, if an artery supplying the area of the brain that control the left leg's muscle movements is blocked, the leg becomes weak or paralyzed.

If the area of the brain that senses touch in the right arm is damaged, sensation in the right arm is lost. Because early treatment can help loss of function and sensation, everyone should know what the early symptoms of stroke are. People who have such a symptom should see a doctor immediately, even if the symptom does not cause pain or if it goes away quickly. Starting treatment within 3 to 6 hours can help prevent the more severe consequences of a stroke.

The most common early symptoms of an ischemic stroke are;

1. sudden weakness or paralysis of the face and leg on one side of the body;
2. slurred speech;
3. sudden confusion with difficulty speaking or understanding speech;
4. sudden dimness or loss of vision, particularly in one eye;
5. loss of balance and coordination, leading to falls;
6. sudden severe headache; and
7. abnormal sensations or loss of sensation in an arm or a leg or one side of the body.

Symptoms of TIA usually disappear within minutes and rarely last more than 1 or 2 hours.

Symptoms of hemorrhagic stroke are largely the same as those of an ischemic stroke but may also include;

1. sudden severe headache,
2. nausea and vomiting,
3. temporary or persistent loss of consciousness, and
4. very high blood pressure.

In both types of stroke, an abnormal pattern of breathing can occur. Slow, irregular breathing may be caused by herniation of the brain. Herniation may develop when very high pressure within the skull forces the brain downward in the skull and distorts the respiratory center in the lower part of the brain stem.

In most people who have had a ischemic stroke, the loss of function caused y a stroke is usually greatest immediately after the stroke occurs. However, in about 15 to 20%, the stroke is progressive, causing greatest loss of function after a day or two. In people who have had a hemorrhagic stroke, loss of function usually occurs progressively over minutes to hours.

One days to months, some function is usually regained because even though some brain cells die, others are only damaged and may recover. Also, certain areas of the brain can sometimes switch to the functions previously performed by the damaged part-a characteristic called plasticity.

However, the early effects of stroke, including paralysis, can become permanent. Muscle may become permanently spastic and stiff, and painful muscle spasm may occur. Walking, swallowing, physically saying words clearly, and performing daily activities may remain difficult.

Problems with memory, thinking, attention, or learning may persist.The person may be unable to recognize parts of the body and may be unaware of the stroke's effects.

The person may continue to be unable to control emotions and to feel depressed. The peripheral field of vision may be reduced, and hearing may be partially lost. Dizziness and vertigo may be continuing problems. Control of bowel or bladder function may be permanently impaired.

Certain factors suggest that the outcome of a stroke is likely to be poor. Strokes that cause unconsciousness or that affect a large part of the left side of the brain are particularly grave. In adults who have had an ischemic stroke, neurologic losses that remain after 6 months are likely to be permanent, although children continue to improve slowly for many months. Older people fare less well than younger people who already have other serious disorders (such as dementia, recovery is more limited.

If a hemorrhagic stroke is not massive and pressure within the brain is not very high, outcome is likely to be better after than that after an ischemic stroke.

Blood (in a hemorrhagic stroke) does not damage brain tissue to the extent that an inadequate supply of oxygen (in and ischemic stroke) does. People who have had a hemorrhagic stroke may continue to improve for many months, even years.

Prevention
 

Preventing strokes is preferable to treating them. The main preventive strategy is managing the major risk factors.

High blood pressure and diabetes should be controlled; cholesterol levels should be measured and, if high, lowered to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis.

Other recommendations include stopping smoking, not using amphetamines or cocaine, consuming alcohol only in moderation, exercising regularly, and, if overweight, losing weight.

Taking an anti platelet drug, such as aspirin, reduces the risk of stroke (and heart attack). Anti platelet drugs reduce the tendency of platelets to clump and to promote clot formation, a common cause of stroke.

Aspirin, one of the most effective anti platelet drugs, is usually prescribed as 1/2 of an adult's tablet or 1 children's tablet (which is 1/4 of an adult's tablet) a day.

Dipyridamole is sometimes prescribed, but for most people, it is not effective unless it is taken with aspirin. Taking aspirin with dipyridamole is more effective than taking aspirin alone.

Ticlopidine or clopidogrel (other anti platelet drugs) may be given to the people who cannot tolerate or have not responded to aspirin.

People who have had TIAs or strokes due to blood clots originating in the heart may be given warfarin, an anticoagulant.

Rehabilitation

 Image taken from http://graphics8.nytimes.com/

Intensive rehabilitation can help many people overcome disabilities after a stroke. The exercises and training of rehabilitation help develop the plasticity of the brain (the ability of one area to shift to different functions) and teach the person new ways to use muscles unaffected by the stroke to compensate for losses in function.

The goals of rehabilitation are to regain as much normal function as possible, to maintain and improve physical condition, and to help people relearn old skills and learn new ones as needed.

Success depends on the area of the brain damaged and the person's general physical condition, functional and cognitive abilities before the stroke, social situation, learning ability, and attitude. Patience and perseverance are crucial.

MSC Launching Ceremony

Jemputan / Invitation 

Launching Ceremony

MEDICAL SCIENCE CLUB (MSCMSU)

Dengan segala hormatnya anda dijemput untuk menghadiri majlis perasmian Medical Science Club (MSC), Management & Science University (MSU) yang akan berlangsung seperti berikut:

We are pleased to invite you to the official launching ceremony of Medical Science Club (MSC) of Management and Science University (MSU). Details are as follows:

MAJLIS : Perasmian kelab Medical Science, Logo dan laman web

Ceremony : Official Launching Ceremony of Club, Logo and Website of MSC

MASA :  3.00-4.30 petang

Time : 3.00-4.30 pm

TEMPAT : Dewan Teater MSU

Venue : Theater Hall, MSU

TARIKH : 8 September 2008 (Isnin)

Date : 8^th of September 2008 (Monday)

Kehadiran anda adalah diwajibkan. Kod pemakaian adalah formal yang bersesuaian dengan etika majlis perlancaran. 

Your attendance is compulsory. Dressing code is formal and must be suitable for the ceremony.

Sekian, terima kasih.
 

Thank you.

Halimatun Bt Ishak

Presiden,

Medical Science Club,

Management & Science University

.........................

Atucara majlis adalah seperti berikut;

The ceremony will runs as follow:

3.00 ptg : Pendaftaran dan ketibaan pelajar.
3.00 pm : The arrival and student registration


3.30 ptg : Ketibaan VIP.
3.30 pm : The arrival of VIP


3.40 ptg : Bacaan Doa.
3.40 pm : Recitation of Doa


3.45 ptg : Ucapan aluan dari Presiden MSC
3.45 pm : Welcoming speech by President of MSCMSU


3.50 ptg : Ucapan dari Pengarah Program BMS
3.50 pm : Speech by Program Manager of BMS


4.00 ptg : Ucapan dari Dekan FHLS
4.00 pm : Speech by Dean of FHLS



4.15 ptg : Perasmian kelab, logo dan laman web MSC
4.15 pm : Launching of Club, Logo & Website of MSC


4.20 ptg : Penyampaian hadiah dan cenderamata
4.20 pm : Prize and souvenier to the winner and VIPs




4.30 ptg : Majlis tamat.
4.30 pm : The end of Ceremony

Effect of Medical Procedure on Fasting

From the 9th Fiqh-Medical Seminar, convened at Casablanca, Morocco,during 8-11 Safar 1418, corresponding to 14-17 June 1997, under the eminent auspices of the Commander of the Faithful, His Majesty King Hassan II. The theme of the seminar was "An Islamic View of Certain Contemporary Medical Issues", and it was held jointly with the Hassan II Institute for Scientific and Medical Research on Ramadan, the ISESCO, the Islamic Fiqh Academy, and the World Health Organization Regional Office.)

There are 3 substances and actions that nullify the fasting according to the Quran and the authentic Sunnah of the prophet, they are: eating, drinking and sexual intercourse. (refer [al-Baqarah 2:187]).

Therefore, the passing of any solid or liquid substance that can be described as food or drink, in any quantity through the gullet would nullify fasting.

Accordingly, the participants agreed unanimously that the following do not nullify fasting.

1. Eye and ear drops, and ear wash.
2. Nitroglycerin tablets placed under the tongue for the treatment of angina.
3. Insertion into the vagina of pessaries, medical ovules, vaginal washes, vaginal speculum, and doctor's or midwife's fingers during pelvic examination.
4. Insertion of the urethroscope into man or woman radio-opaque mediator X-ray diagnosis or bladder irrigation.
5. Tooth drilling, extraction, cleaning or the use of toothbrush, provided nothing is swallowed into the stomach, do not nullify fasting.
6. Injections through the skin or muscle or joints or veins, with the exception of intravenous feeding.
7. Blood donation or receiving blood transfusion.
8. Oxygen and anesthetic gases.
9. All substances absorbed into the body through the skin, such as creams, ointments, and medicated plaster.
10. Drawing blood samples for laboratory testing.
11. Catheter and media for arteriography of heart or other organs.
12. Endoscopy for diagnostic or intervention purposes.
13. Mouth wash, gargle or oral spray, provided nothing is swallowed into the stomach.
14. Hysteroscopy or insertion of an intrauterine device.
15. Biopsy of the liver or other organs.
    

A majority of participants added the following:

1. Nose drops, nose sprays, and inhalers.
2. Anal injections, anoscopes, or digital rectal examination.
3. Surgery involving general anaesthetic, if the patient decided to fast.
4. Machine or intraperitoneal renal dialysis.
5. Use of gastroscope, provided it does not entail the introduction of liquids or other substances into the stomach.

Above decission from the seminar of  "An Islamic View of Certain Contemporary Medical Issues" is agreed and supported by major ulama' such as Shiekh Al-Islam Ibn Taimiyah, Sheikh Dr Yusuf Al-Qardhawi, Sheikh Atiyah Saqr, Sheikh Mohammad Salih Al-Munajjid,Sheikh Ibn Utsaimin, Sheikh Abdul Aziz bin Baaz and others.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

  Image taken from http://www.rush.edu/ 

In GastroEsophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), stomach acid and enzymes flow backward from the stomach into the esophagus, causing inflammation and pain in the esophagus.

The stomach lining protects the stomach from effects of its own acid. Because the esophagus lacks a similar protective lining, stomach acid and enzymes that flow backward (reflux) into the esophagus routinely cause symptoms and in some cases damage.

Acid and enzymes reflux when the lower esophageal sphincter, the ring-shaped muscle that normally prevents the contents of the stomach from flowing back into the esophagus is not functioning properly.

When a person is standing or sitting, gravity helps to prevent the reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus. This explains why reflux can worsen when a person is lying down.

Smoking and certain foods, such as chocolate, interfere with the sphincter muscle, making reflux more likely. Reflux is also more likely to occur after soon after meals, when the volume and acidity of contents in the stomach are higher.

Alcohol and coffee also stimulate acid production.

Delayed emptying of the stomach (for example due to diabetes or use of opioids) can also worsen reflux.

 

 

Symptoms and Complication

 Image taken from http://www.thehealthword.com/

 

Heartburn (a burning pain behind the sternum) is the most obvious symptoms of GERD. Sometimes the pain even extends to the neck, throat, and face. Heartburn may be accompanied by regurgitation, in which the stomach contents reach the mouth.

Inflammation of the esophagus (esophagitis) may cause bleeding that is usually slight but can be massive. The blood may be vomited up or may pass through the digestive tract, resulting in the passage of dark, tarry stools (melena) or bright red blood, if the bleeding is brisk enough.

Esophageal ulcers, which are open sores on the lining of the esophagus, can result from repeated reflux. They can cause pain that is usually located behind the sternum or just below it, similar to the location of heartburn.

Narrowing (stricture) of the esophagus from reflux makes swallowing solid foods increasingly more difficult. narrowing of the airways can cause shortness of breath and wheezing.

Other symptoms of GERD include chest pain, sore throat, hoarseness of voice, excessive salivation, a sensation of a lump in the throat (globus sensation), and inflammation of the sinuses (sinusitis)

With prolonged irritation of the lower part of the esophagus from repeated reflux, the cells lining the esophagus may change (resulting in a condition called Barett's esophagus). Changes may occur even in the absence of symptoms. These abnormal cells are precancerous and progress to cancer rarely.

 

 

Diagnosis

The symptoms point to the diagnosis, and treatment can be started without detailed diagnostic testing. Specific testing is usually reserved for situations in which the diagnosis is not clear or treatment has failed to control symptoms.

Examination of the esophagus using and endoscope of the lower esophageal sphincter, and esophageal pH tests are sometimes needed to help confirm the diagnosis and check for complications.

Endoscopy may confirm the diagnosis if the doctor finds that the person has esophagitis or Barrett's esophagus. Endoscopy also helps to exclude the presence of esophageal cancer.

X-rays taken after a person drinks a barium solution and then lies on an incline with the head lower than the feet may show reflux of the barium from the stomach into the esophagus. A doctor may press on the abdomen to increase the like hood of reflux. The x-rays taken after the barium is swallowed also can reveal esophageal ulcers or a narrowed esophagus.

Pressure measurements at the lower esophageal sphincter indicate the strength of the sphincter and can distinguish a normal sphincter from a poorly functioning one. The information gained from this test helps the doctor decide whether surgery is an appropriate treatment.

Some doctors believe that the best test for GERD is esophageal pH testing. In this test, a thin, flexible tube with a sensor probe on the tip is paced through the nose an into the lower esophagus. The other end of this tube is attached to a monitor that the person wears on his belt. The monitor records the acid levels in the esophagus, usually for 24 hours. Besides determining how much reflux is occurring, this test identifies much the relationship between symptoms and reflux and is particularly helpful for people with symptoms that are not typical for reflux.

The esophageal pH test is needed for all people being considered for surgery for GERD. 

 

 

Prevention and Treatment

Several measures may be taken to relieve GERD.

Raising the head of the bed about 6 inches can prevent acid from flowing into the esophagus as a person sleeps.

Specific foods (for example, fats an chocolate) should be avoided, as should smoking and certain drugs (for example, anticholinergic, certain antidepressants, calcium channel blockers, and nitrates), all of which increase the tendency of the lower esophageal sphincter to leak.

A doctor may prescribe a cholinergic drug (for example, bethanechol or metoclopramide) to make the lower sphincter close more tightly.

Coffee, alcohol, and other substances that strongly stimulate the stomach to produce acid or that delay stomach emptying should be avoided as well.

Many of the drugs used to treat gastritis and peptic ulcers also help prevent and treat GERD.

Antacids taken at bedtime, for example, are helpful. Antacids can usually relieve the pain of esophageal ulcers by reducing the amount of acid that reaches the esophagus.

However, proton pump inhibitors, the most powerful drugs for reducing acid production, are usually the most effective treatment for GERD, because even small amount of acid can cause significant symptoms. Healing requires drugs that reduce stomach acid over a 4 to 12 week period. The ulcers heal slowly, tend to recur, and, when chronic and severe, can leaved a narrowed esophagus after healing.

Esophageal narrowing is treated with drug therapy and repeated dilation, which may be performed using balloons or progressively larger dilators. If dilation is successful narrowing does not seriously limit what a person can eat.

Barrett's esophagus may or may not disappear when treatment relieves symptoms. Therefore, people with Barrett's esophagus are asked to undergo an endoscopic examination every 2 to 3 years to ensure that it is not progressing to cancer.

Surgery is an option for people whose symptoms are unresponsive to drug therapy or for people with esophagitis that persists even after symptoms are relieved. In addition, surgery may be the preferred treatment for people who do not like the prospect of having to take drugs for many years. A minimally invasive procedure performed through a laparoscope is available. However, 20 to 30% of people who undergo this procedure experience side effects, most commonly difficulty swallowing and a sensation of bloating or abdominal discomfort after eating.