Overview of the Heart

Anatomy

• Size, shape, location and orientation
• Covering of the heart
• Pericardium
• fibrous pericardium
• parietal pericardium
  
• Visceral layer (epicardium)
• *pericardial cavity between parietal & visceral layer
  
• Layers of heart wall.
• Epicardium
• Myocardium
• Endocardium
  
• 4 heart chambers
• Rt ventricle
• Lt ventricle
• Rt atrium
• Lt atrium
  
• Pathway of blood through the heart
• Systemic circulation
• Pulmonary circulation
  
• Coronary circulation
• Coronary arteries
• Coronary veins
• Heart valves
• Mitral (bicuspid)
  
• Tricuspid (tricups)
• Aortic (tricups)
  
• Pulmonary (tricups)
• Surface anatomy
• The valves
• Apex
  
• Point of maximum intensity
  

Physiology

• Properties of cardiac muscle
• Conducting system of the heart
• Intrinsic innervation
• SA node
• 3 Internodal pathyway (anterior, middle, posterior)
• AV node
• Bundle of His
• Purkinje fibers
• Extrinsic innervation
• Para sympathetic (cardioinhibitory center)
  
• Sympathetic (cardioacceleratory center)
• ECG
• Cardiac cycle
• Atrial & ventricles dystole (atrial & ventricular filling)
  
• Atrial systole, ventricles dystole (ventricular filling)
• Atrial dystole, ventricles systole (ventricular ejection & atrial filling)
  
• Heart sounds
• Stroke volume, cardiac output and heart beat
• Stroke volume, SV  = EDV - ESV=120ml - 50ml = 70ml per beat
•  Heart Rate, HR = 72~75 beats per min
  
• Cardiac output, CO =  Heart Rate, HR x SV = 75 beats x 70ml = 5.25 L/min
• Regulation of stroke volume
• Preload: degree of stretch  of heart muscle
• Contractility
• Afterload: back pressure exerted by arterial blood
  
• Regulation of heart rate
• ANS
• Parasympathetic
• Sympathetic
  
• Chemical regulation
• Hormones (epinephrine, thyroxine)
  
• Ions
  
• age, gender, exercise, temperature, etc